我国农作物绿色食品的生产瓶颈和生产前景

生产农作物绿色食品是农业的发展方向，也是可持续发展的必然要求，是世界范围都要引起 重视的普遍课题，我国更需迫切重视。使用一般的无公害杀虫剂是不能生产出绿色食品的，而目前病 虫害绿色防控技术还不成熟，现在可用于绿色食品生产的高效无毒的杀虫剂在我国已首先研究出来 了，当前缺少的仅是农产品市场完备的农药残留检测机制，解决这个瓶颈问题可给绿色食品创造存在 的空间，从而实现农业绿色产业大发展，这一天的到来已为期不远。     

Grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and tillage intensity in wheat as affected by precision nutrient management

ABSTRACT

The present studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of different nutrient management practices under two tillage options in wheat. The experiments were laid out in split-plot design with a combination of two varieties (WH 1105 and HD 2967) and two tillage options (Conventional and No tillage) in the main plot and six precision nutrient management practices [absolute control, site-specific nutrient management with Nutrient Expert for wheat (SSNM-NE)(170 kg nitrogen (N)/ha), SSNM NE+GreenSeeker (GS)(153/158 N kg/ha), N₁₂₀ (120 kg N/ha) before irrigation, N₁₂₀ after irrigation and N Rich (180 kg N/ha)] in subplot replicated thrice. The grain yield and quality characters in no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) were similar but agronomic efficiency was higher in NT. Both the varieties (WH 1105 and HD 2967) gave similar grain yield and quality. Wheat variety WH 1105 recorded significantly higher sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDS) and gluten index. The treatment SSNM NE+GS had resulted in 107.1% higher grain yield than no nitrogen control but similar to enriched N plot (180 kg N/ha). The grain protein, SDS and gluten index in need-based nutrient management (SSNM+GS) treatment were found to be similar as recorded in SSNM-NE (170 kgN/ha) and N enriched plot (180 kg N ha^?1). The agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency in SSNM+GS were also better than SSNM NE.     

氮肥减量后移对喷灌玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响

【目的】优化井灌区田间水肥管理。【方法】试验于2018年6—9月在河南省许昌灌溉试验站进行,以当地主栽玉米品种登海3737(P1)和豫单9953(P2)为试验材料,设置3种施肥调控方式,分别为当地传统施肥模式CK(N、P2O5、K2O施量分别为315、75、75 kg/hm^2,全部基施),优化模式F1(N、P2O5、K2O施量分别为225、75、75kg/hm^2,40%三叶期和60%拔节期追肥),优化模式F2(N、P2O5、K2O施量分别为225、75、75kg/hm^2,30%三叶期、30%拔节期和40%大喇叭口期追肥),研究了喷灌水肥一体化下氮肥减量后移对不同品种夏玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】增加施肥频次和施肥时间后移可提高玉米叶面积系数(LAI)和延缓叶片衰老,增加玉米干物质累积量以及最大生长速率。喷灌水肥一体化(F1、F2处理均值)较传统施肥籽粒产量提高7.8%,耗水量降低11.9%,水分利用效率(WUE)提高22.2%,籽粒氮肥偏生产力(PFPY)提高51.1%,生物量氮肥偏生产力提高49.2%。登海3737干物质累积、最大生长速率、WUE和PFPY的均值较豫单9953分别增加2.8%、7.7%、8.5%和8.6%,最大生长速率出现的时间没有差异。豫单9953干物质积累快增期持续时间比登海3737增加5.3 d。不同品种之间产量和构成要素差异极显著。登海3737平均产量为11 319 kg/hm^2,较豫单9953增产8.4%,其中穗长、百粒质量对产量贡献较大,分别提高22.5%和18.2%。【结论】本研究中,F2处理为最佳施肥模式,即N、P2O5、K2O施量分别为225、75、75 kg/hm^2,施肥配比为30%三叶期、30%拔节期、40%大喇叭口期。     

Influence of summer legume residue recycling and varietal diversification on productivity,energetics, and nutrient dynamics in basmati rice–wheat cropping system of western Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field experiment was conducted on summer mungbean residue recycling (SMBRR) and basmati rice–wheat cropping system (BRWCS) at New Delhi, India. The SMBRR enhanced the system productivity and net returns by ～19.1% and 22.1% compared to summer fallow (SF) with highest magnitude under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967. Two genotypes each in basmati rice (PB 1 and P 2511) and wheat (HD 2967 and HD 2733) responded well to SMBRR with respect to grain yield efficiency index (GYEI) ≥ 1.0. SMBRR also registered ～13.5% higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) than SF. Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage also increased by ～6.8% in 0–30 cm soil layer. The rice–wheat–summer mungbean system produced significantly highest energy efficiency compared to the rice–wheat–summer fallow system with highest values under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967 as a result of better yield expression. Overall, SMBRR with suitable genotypic sequence improved the system productivity, profitability, and nutrient dynamics in BRWCS, which are vital for long-term sustainability of this system.     

水稻上有机肥部分替代化肥试验小结

通过对有机肥与化肥配合施用田间试验结果分析,我市水稻上有机肥部分替代化肥的适宜比例以有机氮与无机氮比为1：9,这样可有效减少化肥施用,达到化肥减量增效的目的。     

The effect of food type (formulated diet vs. natural) and fish size on feed utilization in common sole,Solea solea (L.)

This study compares the effect of food type (formulated diet vs. natural food) and fish size on protein and energy utilization efficiencies for growth in common sole, Solea solea (L.). Replicate groups of common sole (mean initial body weight ± SD was 45.7 g ± 2.1 and 111.2 g ± 4.2) received the diets at five (natural feed) or four (formulated diet) feeding levels. The protein utilization efficiency for growth (k_gCP) was higher (P > 0.001) in common sole fed ragworms than in common sole fed the formulated diet (respectively, 0.40 and 0.31). Likewise, the energy utilization efficiency for growth (k_gGE) was higher (P = 0.001) in common sole fed ragworms than in common sole fed the formulated diet (respectively, 0.57 and 0.33). The protein maintenance requirement was not different between food types (P = 0.64) or fish size (P = 0.41) being on average 0.82 g kg^?0.8 day^?1. The energy maintenance requirement was not different between food type (P = 0.390) but differed between fish size (P = 0.036). The gross energy maintenance requirement of small common sole was 35 kJ g^?0.8 day^?1. The gross energy maintenance requirement of large common sole was 25 kJ g^?0.8 day^?1. In conclusion, the low growth of common sole fed formulated diets was related to reduced feed utilization.     

父母本不同行距配置对昆虫授粉效率的影响

为探讨昆虫为杂交大豆授粉的行为,提高授粉效率,以大豆细胞质雄性不育系JLCMS34A和保持系JLCMS34B为材料,研究父母本3种行距配置(T1、T2、T3)对昆虫授粉行为及产量构成的影响。结果表明:行距配置T2条件下昆虫授粉效率最高,母本单株粒数最多,为45.98个(2011年),与T1、T3差异达到显著水平,T3配置授粉效率最差,单株粒数最少,为32.06个(2012年),与T1、T2差异达到极显著水平。在吉林省洮南地区适当缩小父母本行距,增加母本间行距可有效促进昆虫授粉效率,提高结实率。     

水分与氮素及其互作对水稻产量和水肥利用效率的影响研究进展

了解水分、氮素及其互作对水稻产量与水、氮利用效率的影响,对协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率有重要意义。本文概述了水稻节水灌溉技术、氮肥利用效率与氮肥施用技术、水分与氮素对水稻产量及水氮利用效率的耦合效应、作物-土壤关系及水氮调控机制等方面取得的进展;讨论了存在的问题,这些问题包括:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应尚不明确;高产水稻水氮耦合与高效利用的分子机理不清楚;协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率的调控途径尚未掌握。针对这些问题,建议今后重点研究:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应及其机制;水氮互作调控水稻吸收利用水分和氮素的生理与分子机理;协同提高水稻产量和水氮利用效率的调控途径与关键技术。     

上海水稻精量机械穴直播技术研究与应用

以上海地区主推水稻品种为材料,在精量机械穴直播条件下,开展了不同类型水稻品种的小区试验和示范,明确了精量机械穴直播水稻的生育特性、抗倒伏性、群体建成和产量表现,并分析了采用水稻精量机械穴直播后土壤的微生物群落结构的变化和水稻生产经济效益。试验示范结果表明,精量机械穴直播水稻生育期明显缩短,单株分蘖力强,群体结构合理,穗粒结构协调,干物质积累多,抗倒能力较强,增产优势明显,节本低耗,生产效率显著提高,是目前极具生产潜力的一种新型高效低耗种植模式,适合上海都市农业发展的需求,也顺应了水稻低碳种植发展趋势,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Sorghum extrusion process combined with biofortified sweet potato contributed for high iron bioavailability in Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sorghum and sweet potato on the bioavailability of iron, gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism and the plasma antioxidant capacity in animals fed with whole sorghum grains processed by dry heat or extrusion, combined or not with sweet potato flour with high content of carotenoids. Five experimental groups were tested (n = 7): dry heat sorghum flour (DS); extruded sorghum flour (ES); whole sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (DS + SP); extruded sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (ES + SP) and positive control (FS). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citochroma B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The ES + SP group showed higher (p < 0.05) expression of DcytB, ferroportin and hephaestin when compared to the control group. The DS group showed high (p < 0.05) expression of DMT-1 and the ES showed high mRNA expression of transferrin and ferritin. The changes in the sorghum physicochemical properties from extrusion process reduced the iron and phytate content, and increased the gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism, improving iron bioavailability. The combination of sweet potato and sorghum flour (dry or extruded) improved the iron capture and total antioxidant capacity, probably due to the presence of β-carotene and antioxidant compounds.